Citrus bergamia - Bergamot Orange
Citrus bergamia - Bergamot Orange
Citrus bergamia
Bergamot Orange
It arrived in great shape, just the tip of a small branch broken. It has a beautiful balanced habit.
Bottine94, 21/02/2025
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Description
The Bergamot, in Latin Citrus bergamia, is the citrus tree that you know without even realizing it! Its distinctive lemony aroma has been used everywhere since the 18th century, whether in perfumes (a key ingredient in Eau de Cologne!) or in the famous Earl Grey tea. From April to May, it is covered with small, highly fragrant white flowers. The green and then yellow fruits have the appearance of a small orange, borne on a compact 3 to 4m (10-13ft) tall bush. This sun-loving and heat-loving citrus tree is, as you may have guessed, rather susceptible to cold! It is best grown in a large container and protected from frost in a greenhouse or conservatory.
The Citrus bergamia also called the "Bergamot Orange", is a medium-sized bush of the Rutaceae family, with a rather upright and bushy habit. It is mainly cultivated in the Calabria region in southern Italy, and it is believed to be a hybrid between Citrus limetta (sweet lemon) and Citrus aurantium (bitter orange).
This small tree reaches a height of 3 to 4m (10-13ft) (around 3 in a pot, 4 in the ground under suitable conditions). It spreads to about 2.5m (8ft), and its growth is very slow. Not very hardy, it can be planted in the ground only in very warm climates. Elsewhere, it will be grown in a pot and stored away at the first sign of frost. Primarily cultivated for its fruits, the bergamot tree blooms abundantly in April-May. It produces small white flowers with a sweet and delicious fragrance, characteristic of Citrus. These flowers give way to round fruits, reminiscent of oranges. Their thick and smooth skin, initially dark green, turns yellow when ripe. The flesh of the fruit is greenish, not very juicy, very acidic and bitter. The fruits are often harvested while still green when their essential oil concentration is at its peak. The evergreen and aromatic leaves, intensely green leaves of this citrus tree are ovate, leathery and small.
Bergamot essential oil is widely used by the perfume industry, especially since the invention of Eau de Cologne by Giovanni Maria Farina in 1708. Its oil and zest are key ingredients in Earl Grey tea, which appeared in English salons in the early 19th century. Its fresh and invigorating aroma is increasingly finding its place in the culinary world where they are constantly searching for new flavours to tantalize the taste buds! It is also a plant with antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, anti-infectious, and worming properties, commonly used in aromatherapy.
Most citrus trees thrive in the ground in the Mediterranean coastal regions, where they find the year-round warmth they need. But to fruit well, they must not lack water or nutrients. Not very hardy, Citrus bergamia starts to suffer from cold temperatures as low as 0°C (32°F). It is a self-fertile bush, meaning that a single plant is sufficient to complete pollination and fruiting.
Citrus bergamia - Bergamot Orange in pictures
Plant habit
Fruit
Flowering
Foliage
Botanical data
Citrus
bergamia
Rutaceae
Bergamot Orange
Mediterranean
Planting and care
Planting in open ground: Citrus bergamia prefers neutral, slightly acidic, and non-chalky soils. It is only possible to plant it in open ground if you live in a highly favourable Mediterranean coastal area that is spared from frost, as the hardiness of this citrus tree does not exceed -3°C (26.6°F), and it requires a lot of heat to flower and bear fruit. The best period to plant is in early spring, March and April. Be careful not to bury the collar. Citrus trees are naturally greedy and require water to bear fruit well: consider feeding with well-rotted compost or special "citrus" fertilizer. Choose a sunny but not scorching location for your bush, sheltered from the wind to prevent the foliage from drying out and the young fruits from dropping. Place it in a location protected from sea spray.
Planting in a pot: in all other regions, it must be planted in a pot that you can keep in a slightly heated greenhouse or frost-free conservatory, in an atmosphere that is not too dry. It will appreciate being outside in the summer. Planting in a pot or repotting takes place at the end of summer. Choose a pot slightly larger than the root system, as citrus trees do not appreciate feeling cramped. Moisten the root ball well. To improve the drainage capacity of the mix, line the bottom of the pot with clay pebbles. Loosen the root ball and mix two-thirds garden soil with one-third special "citrus" potting soil. Water generously. Use pots made of clay or breathable material.
Citrus trees require a lot of water to thrive. Your Citrus should be watered every day with slightly chalky or non-chalky water, and the soil should remain consistently moist. Similarly, make sure to regularly provide it with the fertilizer it needs: every 6 months for slow-release granular fertilizer or every 3 waterings for liquid fertilizer.
Planting period
Intended location
Care
Planting & care advice
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Hardiness is the lowest winter temperature a plant can endure without suffering serious damage or even dying. However, hardiness is affected by location (a sheltered area, such as a patio), protection (winter cover) and soil type (hardiness is improved by well-drained soil).
In temperate climates, pruning of spring-flowering shrubs (forsythia, spireas, etc.) should be done just after flowering.
Pruning of summer-flowering shrubs (Indian Lilac, Perovskia, etc.) can be done in winter or spring.
In cold regions as well as with frost-sensitive plants, avoid pruning too early when severe frosts may still occur.
The harvesting period indicated on our website applies to countries and regions in USDA zone 8 (France, England, Ireland, the Netherlands).
In colder areas (Scandinavia, Poland, Austria...) fruit and vegetable harvests are likely to be delayed by 3-4 weeks.
In warmer areas (Italy, Spain, Greece, etc.), harvesting will probably take place earlier, depending on weather conditions.
The sowing periods indicated on our website apply to countries and regions within USDA Zone 8 (France, UK, Ireland, Netherlands).
In colder areas (Scandinavia, Poland, Austria...), delay any outdoor sowing by 3-4 weeks, or sow under glass.
In warmer climes (Italy, Spain, Greece, etc.), bring outdoor sowing forward by a few weeks.
The planting period indicated on our website applies to regions in USDA Zone 9a (East Coast and Midlands: Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Kilkenny, Portlaoise). It will vary depending on where you live:
- On the west coast and in the north-west (Galway, Limerick, Sligo, Donegal, Westport), delay planting by 1 to 2 weeks in spring and bring it forward by 1 to 2 weeks in autumn compared to the dates given, preferably choosing periods without strong winds.
- In the inland hills and plateaus (Wicklow Mountains, Macgillycuddy’s Reeks, Connemara, Killarney), it is best to plant in spring (April–May) or autumn (September–October), avoiding periods of waterlogged soil in winter and strong winds, which pose the main risk to newly planted trees in these areas.
The flowering period indicated on our website applies to regions in USDA Zone 9a, such as the East Coast and Midlands, including Dublin, Wexford, Waterford, Kilkenny and Portlaoise.
This will vary depending on where you live:
- On the west coast and in the northwest (Galway, Limerick, Sligo, Donegal and Westport), it will be delayed by one to two weeks compared to the given dates, due to stronger Atlantic winds and less spring sunshine.
- In the inland hills and plateaus (the Wicklow Mountains, the Macgillycuddy's Reeks, Connemara and Killarney), flowering will be delayed by two to three weeks. Flowering mainly occurs between May and July, with the limiting factors being less frost and more of the excessive humidity, strong winds and lack of sunshine that are characteristic of these areas.
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